Permeation Studies of PVC Pipes with Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Using NIRS to Track Permeation and Predict Future Permeation Susceptibility

About Permeation Studies of PVC Pipes with Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Using NIRS to Track Permeation and Predict Future Permeation Susceptibility detail

• Published on: 2008-10-02
• Released on: 2008-10-02
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Binding: Paperback
• 96 pages

Product Description

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is commonly used for drinking water pipes. Although PVC is resistant to natural environmental conditions, organic solvents may attack the pipe wall causing swelling, softening, water lines failure and drinking water pollution. Permeation is linked to underground storage tanks and random accidental spills of organic solvents or fuel derivates. Although rare, several cases have been reported. The aim for this research was developing new laboratory methods for permeation testing and helping pipe companies in assessing about pipe selection in zones of high risk. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRs) was selected as the methodology. NIR is already used in both organic solvents and polymer fields for both discriminative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds. The objective of the first study was to track the permeation of PVC pipes by two major organic solvents (toluene and benzene) at different concentrations developing partial least squares (PLS) calibrations. The second study lead to the correlation of the pipe permeation susceptibility in pure toluene to the pipe spectra usinglocally weighted regression (LWR).

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An empirical investigation of cross-sensor relationships of NDVI and red/near-infrared reflectance using EO-1 Hyperion data [An article from: Remote S

About An empirical investigation of cross-sensor relationships of NDVI and red/near-infrared reflectance using EO-1 Hyperion data [An article from: Remote Sensing of Environment] detail

• Format: HTML
• Binding: Digital

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This digital document is a journal article from Remote Sensing of Environment, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Long term observations of global vegetation from multiple satellites require much effort to ensure continuity and compatibility due to differences in sensor characteristics and product generation algorithms. In this study, we focused on the bandpass filter differences and empirically investigated cross-sensor relationships of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and reflectance. The specific objectives were: 1) to understand the systematic trends in cross-sensor relationships of the NDVI and reflectance as a function of spectral bandpasses, 2) to examine/identify the relative importance of the spectral features (i.e., the green peak, red edge, and leaf liquid water absorption regions) in and the mechanism(s) of causing the observed systematic trends, and 3) to evaluate the performance of several empirical cross-calibration methods in modeling the observed systematic trends. A Level 1A Hyperion hyperspectral image acquired over a tropical forest-savanna transitional region in Brazil was processed to simulate atmospherically corrected reflectances and NDVI for various bandpasses, including Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), NOAA-14 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+). Data were extracted from various land cover types typically found in tropical forest and savanna biomes and used for analyses. Both NDVI and reflectance relationships among the sensors were neither linear nor unique and were found to exhibit complex patterns and bandpass dependencies. The reflectance relationships showed strong land cover dependencies. The NDVI relationships, in contrast, did not show land cover dependencies, but resulted in nonlinear forms. From sensitivity analyses, the green peak (~550 nm) and red-NIR transitional (680-780 nm) features were identified as the key factors in producing the observed land cover dependencies and nonlinearity in cross-sensor relationships. In particular, differences in the extents to which the red and/or NIR bandpasses included these features significantly influenced the forms and degrees of nonlinearity in the relationships. Translation of MODIS NDVI to ''AVHRR-like'' NDVI using a weighted average of MODIS green and red bands performed very poorly, resulting in no reduction of overall discrepancy between MODIS and AVHRR NDVI. Cross-calibration of NDVI and reflectance using NDVI-based quadratic functions performed well, reducing their differences to +/-.025 units for the NDVI and +/-.01 units for the reflectances; however, many of the translation results suffered from bias errors. The present results suggest that distinct translation equations and coefficients need to be developed for every sensor pairs and that land cover-dependency need to be explicitly accounted for to reduce bias errors.

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Multivariate calibration of near infrared spectra by orthogonal WAVElet correction using a genetic algorithm [An article from: Analytica Chimica Acta]

About Multivariate calibration of near infrared spectra by orthogonal WAVElet correction using a genetic algorithm [An article from: Analytica Chimica Acta] detail

• Format: HTML
• Binding: Digital

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This digital document is a journal article from Analytica Chimica Acta, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Orthogonal WAVElet correction (OWAVEC) is a pre-processing method aimed at simultaneously accomplishing two essential needs in multivariate calibration, signal correction and data compression, by combining the application of an orthogonal signal correction algorithm to remove information unrelated to a certain response with the great potential that wavelet analysis has shown for signal processing. In the previous version of the OWAVEC method, once the wavelet coefficients matrix had been computed from NIR spectra and deflated from irrelevant information in the orthogonalization step, effective data compression was achieved by selecting those largest correlation/variance wavelet coefficients serving as the basis for the development of a reliable regression model. This paper presents an evolution of the OWAVEC method, maintaining the first two stages in its application procedure (wavelet signal decomposition and direct orthogonalization) intact but incorporating genetic algorithms as a wavelet coefficients selection method to perform data compression and to improve the quality of the regression models developed later. Several specific applications dealing with diverse NIR regression problems are analyzed to evaluate the actual performance of the new OWAVEC method. Results provided by OWAVEC are also compared with those obtained with original data and with other orthogonal signal correction methods.

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Determination of water-soluble and total extractable polyphenolics in biomass, necromass and decomposing plant material using near-infrared reflectanc

About Determination of water-soluble and total extractable polyphenolics in biomass, necromass and decomposing plant material using near-infrared reflectance ... article from: Soil Biology and Biochemistry] detail

• Published on: 2005-04-01
• Format: HTML
• Binding: Digital

Product Description

This digital document is a journal article from Soil Biology and Biochemistry, published by Elsevier in 2005. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to predict the water-soluble and total extractable polyphenolics of plant material. Different life forms (forbs, grasses, shrubs, giant rosettes), organs (leaves, stems, roots) and decomposition stages (biomass, necromass and decomposing plant material) were studied. Prediction was good, with a R^2 in validation ranging from 0.91 to 0.93 and in prediction from 0.88 to 0.94. Various standard error ratios were used to assess the quality of the models, which are generally very good, being the model for predicting the water-soluble polyphenolics in the decomposing plant material the slightly less good. Because it is a cheap and rapid method, it would allow to perform a large screening for studies concerning (i) polyphenolics control on decomposition process and (ii) phenolics implication in herbivory.

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Near-infrared optical topography to assess activation of the parietal cortex during a visuo-spatial task [An article from: Neuropsychologia]

About Near-infrared optical topography to assess activation of the parietal cortex during a visuo-spatial task [An article from: Neuropsychologia] detail

• Published on: 2005-01
• Format: HTML
• Binding: Digital

Product Description

This digital document is a journal article from Neuropsychologia, published by Elsevier in 2005. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a relatively new method to investigate the brain activation, based on changes in oxygenated haemoglobin (O"2Hb) and deoxygenated haemoglobin (HHb). Recently, it has been shown that NIRS seems to be able to detect even small changes in O"2Hb and HHb concentration due to cognitive demands. This study aimed at investigating the changes in O"2Hb and HHb concentrations of the parietal cortex during a spatial task, a modified version of the Benton Line Orientation Task [Gur, R. C., Alsop, D., Glahn, D., Petty, R., Swanson, C. L., Maldjian, J. A., et al. (2000). An fMRI study of sex differences in regional activation to a verbal and a spatial task. Brain & Language, 74(2), 157-170.]. Twenty-four subjects were measured with NIRS while they had to estimate the orientation of a given line or to name the colour of the line in the control condition. Both conditions consisted of three activation phases each lasting 30s, with a 10s baseline and a 20s post resting period. For assessing the changes in O"2Hb and HHb concentrations, we measured with 24 NIRS channels over the parietal cortex using the NIRS apparatus ETG-100 (Hitachi Medical Ltd.). O"2Hb concentration significantly increased during the active phase compared to the baseline for both conditions, but was significantly higher in the active phase for the line orientation condition compared to the colour naming condition bilaterally parieto-occipital. For the HHb concentrations, we only found significant decreases for both conditions but no differences between the conditions. The results of our study underscore the value of multi-channel NIRS for assessing cortical activation during cognitive tasks.

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Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (Practical Spectroscopy)

About Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (Practical Spectroscopy) detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #1870455 in Books
• Published on: 2002-02-08
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Binding: Hardcover
• 208 pages

Product Description

This book discusses the theory, instrumentation, validation, and implementation of near-infrared spectroscopy for pharmaceutical and medical applications. It showcases a diverse range of contemporary methods for the production, screening, and analysis of new drug products and pharmaceuticals. Presents current approaches in near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) to monitor and control multiple phases of the drug manufacturing process.

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Process Analytical Technology: Spectroscopic Tools and Implementation Strategies for the Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries

About Process Analytical Technology: Spectroscopic Tools and Implementation Strategies for the Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #1299974 in Books
• Published on: 2005-10-21
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Binding: Hardcover
• 451 pages

Product Description

The use of real or near real time measurement of chemical production process parameters as the basis for achieving control or optimisation of a manufacturing process has wide application in the petrochemical, food and chemical industries. Process analytical chemistry (PAC), or process analytical technology (PAT) as it has recently been called, is now being deployed in the pharmaceutical industry, where it is seen as a technology that can help companies to improve their conformity with manufacturing compliance regulations.

The objective of this book is to provide a starting point for implementing process analytical chemistry tools in process monitoring applications or as part of a total quality management system. Written from the perspective of the spectroscopist required to implant PAT tools in a process environment, attention is focussed on measurements that are made “in process” at-line or off-line, providing data on product during manufacture. With chapters covering the key spectroscopic tools, their applications in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries and basic chemometrics, the novice can quickly develop a sound understanding of the most practical technologies and applications. Implementation strategies are fully covered and address some of the critical issues that need to be tackled when setting up a PAT project – including choosing a project with a sound business justification in the first place.

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Near-Infrared Applications in Biotechnology (Practical Spectroscopy)

About Near-Infrared Applications in Biotechnology (Practical Spectroscopy) detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #1672194 in Books
• Published on: 2001-01-15
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Binding: Hardcover
• 382 pages

Product Description

Promega Corporation, Madison, WI. An exploration of recent techniques in diagnostics, DNA sequencing, bioanalysis of immunoassays, and other applications promoting the use of near-infrared spectroscopy for medical and pharmaceutical purposes. Of interest to biotechnologists and researchers.

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Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Principles, Instruments, Applications

About Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Principles, Instruments, Applications detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #1590038 in Books
• Published on: 2002-03-19
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Binding: Hardcover
• 361 pages

Product Description

Over the last few years, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has rapidly developed into an important and extremely useful method of analysis. In fact, for certain research areas and applications, ranging from material science via chemistry to life sciences, it has become an indispensable tool because this fast and cost-effective type of spectroscopy provides qualitative and quantitative information not available from any other technique.
This book offers a balanced overview of the fundamental theory and instrumentation of NIR spectroscopy, introducing the material in a readily comprehensible manner. A considerable part of the text is dedicated to practical applications, including sample preparation and investigations of polymers, textiles, drugs, food and animal feed. However, special topics, such as two-dimensional correlation analysis, are also covered in separate chapters.
Written by eight experts in different fields, this book presents an introduction to the current state of developments and is valuable to spectroscopists and to practitioners applying NIR spectroscopy as a daily analytical tool.

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Handbook of Near-Infrared Analysis, Second Edition

Buy this book now!
This book is an all-round essential for those with an interest in near infrared analysis. Comprising chapters written by experts in their field, this volume is deserving of the bookshelves of those requiring either an introduction or further advice to this exciting area of spectroscopic analysis. In short: highly recommended!

Buy this book now!
This book is an all-round essential for those with an interest in near infrared analysis. Comprising chapters written by experts in their field, this volume is deserving of the bookshelves of those requiring either an introduction or further advice to this exciting area of spectroscopic analysis. In short: highly recommended!

About Handbook of Near-Infrared Analysis, Second Edition detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #147585 in eBooks
• Published on: 1992-09-30
• Format: Kindle Book
• Number of items: 1

Product Description

With contributions from over 40 experts in the field, this reference presents comprehensive, single-source coverage of the instrumentation, computerization, calibration, and methods development of NIR spectroscopy. It provides novel applications for accurate time- and cost-effective analyses of pharmaceuticals, polymers, textiles, agricultural products, dairy products, foods, and beverages. Emphasizing trends in sample preparation, the book covers historical development, calibration transfer, biomedical applications, plastics, and counterfeiting; on-line, in-line, and at-line analyses for process control, multilinear regression and principal component analysis, and more.

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Practical Guide to Interpretive Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

About Practical Guide to Interpretive Near-Infrared Spectroscopy detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #884549 in Books
• Published on: 2007-10-26
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Binding: Hardcover
• 344 pages

Product Description

Containing focused, comprehensive coverage, Practical Guide to Interpretive Near-Infrared Spectroscopy gives you the tools necessary to interpret NIR spectra. The authors present extensive tables, charts, and figures with NIR absorption band assignments and structural information for a broad range of functional groups, organic compounds, and polymers. They include visual spectral representation of all major compound functional groupings and NIR frequency ranges. Organized by functional group type and chemical structure, based on standard compound classification, the chapters are easy to follow and understand. The use of Molecular Formula and CAS Number indexing prevents the confusion that can occur when using only common chemical names to identify compounds.

Interpretive spectroscopy provides a basis for the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships between spectrometer response and the chemical properties of the samples. While many books available on NIR cover a range of applications and topics from a broad perspective, most of them barely touch on structure correlation and interpretation of spectra. The first, and arguably the only, book to tackle this intriguing and challenging area, Practical Guide to Interpretive Near-Infrared Spectroscopy presents the most detailed discussion of the subject to date.

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Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Agriculture (Agronomy)

About Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Agriculture (Agronomy) detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #1207174 in Books
• Published on: 2004-01-01
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Binding: Hardcover
• 822 pages

Product Description

This monograph highlights the practical use of NIR technology, providing the latest information on NIR use in agricultural applications as well as the fundamentals of spectroscopy and chemometrics. Unique among NIR publications, the majority of the book details the widespread application of NIR analysis in crop production, food processing, and non-food agriculture. Forage, fruits, baking products, timber, meats, and more. If it has been analyzed with near-infrared technology, you will find it here.

The American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America are prominent international scientific societies headquartered in Madison, Wisconsin. The Societies specialize in peer-reviewed, high-quality science titles for a wide variety of audiences.
Some of the many areas we publish in include:

-Soils Methods and Management
-Crop Development and Improvement
-Agrosystem Management and the Global Food Crisis
-Environmental Conservation and Climatology

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Handbook of Near-Infrared Analysis, Third Edition (Practical Spectroscopy)

About Handbook of Near-Infrared Analysis, Third Edition (Practical Spectroscopy) detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #649891 in Books
• Published on: 2007-09-07
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Binding: Hardcover
• 826 pages

Product Description

Presenting nearly 50% new and revised material, this edition combines concise theoretical foundations with the latest advances in instrumentation, computerization, calibration, and methods in NIR spectroscopy. Drawing on the experience of more than 60 experts in the field, it underscores accurate as well as time- and cost-effective current trends in sample preparation, calibration transfer, process control, data analysis, and commercial NIR instrumentation. New chapters highlight novel applications in pharmaceuticals, polymers, plastics, petrochemicals, textiles, foods and beverages, baked products, agricultural products, biomedicine, neutraceuticals, and counterfeit detection.

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Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Food Science and Technology

About Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Food Science and Technology detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #931139 in Books
• Published on: 2006-10-23
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Binding: Hardcover
• 424 pages

Product Description

This reference gives food science professionals a working understanding of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and its role in maximizing food potential. It explains the technical aspects of NIRS, including: basic principles; characteristics of the NIR spectra; instrumentation; sampling techniques; and chemometrics. The book details applications of NIRS in agricultural and marine products, foodstuffs and processed foods, engineering and process monitoring, and food safety and disease diagnosis.

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Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Principles, Instruments, Applications

About Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Principles, Instruments, Applications detail
Amazon Sales Rank: #1579667 in Books
Published on: 2002-03-19
Original language: English
Number of items: 1
Binding: Hardcover
361 pages

Product Description
Over the last few years, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has rapidly developed into an important and extremely useful method of analysis. In fact, for certain research areas and applications, ranging from material science via chemistry to life sciences, it has become an indispensable tool because this fast and cost-effective type of spectroscopy provides qualitative and quantitative information not available from any other technique.This book offers a balanced overview of the fundamental theory and instrumentation of NIR spectroscopy, introducing the material in a readily comprehensible manner. A considerable part of the text is dedicated to practical applications, including sample preparation and investigations of polymers, textiles, drugs, food and animal feed. However, special topics, such as two-dimensional correlation analysis, are also covered in separate chapters. Written by eight experts in different fields, this book presents an introduction to the current state of developments and is valuable to spectroscopists and to practitioners applying NIR spectroscopy as a daily analytical tool.

การใช้ NIR คัดแยกสีของผลมะเขือเทศ

การศึกษานี้เพื่อที่จะหาสมบัติ การสะท้อนแสงของผลมะเขือเทศ และความสัมพันธ์ของสมบัตินั้นกับระยะการเจริญเติบโต วิธีการศึกษาประกอบด้วย การนำผลมะเขือเทศพันธุ์สีดาทิพย์ที่ 4 ระยะการเจริญเติบโต (ตามการเปลี่ยนแปลงของสี) จากอ่อนไปสู่ระยะโตเต็มที่ได้แก่ สีเขียว สีอมส้ม สีชมพู สีแดง 10 ผลต่อระยะการเจริญเติบโต มาทดสอบกับเครื่อง InfraAlyzer 500 ผลการทดลองปรากฏว่า อัตราการสะท้อนแสงของมะเขือเทศสีเขียวต่อมะเขือเทศสีชมพูมีค่าสูงสุดคือ 1.53 การทำ First และ Second derivative กับกลุ่มกราฟการสะท้อนแสดงให้อัตราส่วนดีที่สุดน้อยกว่าอัตราส่วนที่ได้จากกราฟการสะท้อนแสง

Reconstruction of constitutent spectra from near infrared sample spectra using principal components

Principal component weights are combined with regression coefficients to produce a form of spectral reconstruction which exhibits characteristics similar to the spectrum of a specific constituent. The technique is illustrated by two sets of near infrared spectra, the first consisting of wheat flour samples for which moisture and protein values were available and the second consisting of ground rapeseed meal for which oil and protein values were present. The reconstructed spectrum for water was based mainly on the second wheat flour component, which itself closely resembled the spectrum of water. The reconstructed oil spectrum matched closely the spectrum of a sample of oil extracted from the rape meal. It was not possible to extract protein from either set of samples in order to obtain a spectrum with which to compare the reconstructed spectra. However, most of the absorbance bands known to relate to proteins were present in both reconstructions, although the relative sizes of these bands differed.

Body fat percentage measuring methods: NIR (Near Infrared Interactance)

A fiber optic probe is connected to a digital analyzer that indirectly measures the tissue composition (fat and water) at various sites on the body. This method is based on studies that show optical densities are linearly related to subcutaneous and total body fat. The NIR method of assessing body fat is based on the principles of light absorbtion , reflectance, and near infrared spectroscopy. To estimate body composition, a computerized spectrophotometer that has a scan and probe are used. The probe is placed onto a selected body site such as the biceps; it emitts an infrared light which passes through both fat and muscle and is reflected back to the probe. The NIR data is entered into a prediction equation with the person’s height, weight, sex, age, frame size, and level of activity to estimate the percent body fat. Density measurements are obtained and incorporated into the manufacturer’s prediction equations. A digital read out including percentage body fat and lean tissue are displayed.

A chemometrics approach for distinguishing between beers using near infrared spectroscopy

Thirty-eight beers from different producing areas and/or makers were distinguished by principal component analysis (PCA) of the near infrared (NIR) spectra acquired by a portable NIR spectrometer. Classsification of Akita beers: beers locally produced in Akita prefecture, Japan, from other famous brand beers could be successfully performed, especially when the PCA was calculated on the standard normal variate (SNV) spectra. The classification equations use information related to water and CH₂ absorption that reflected the differences in chemical composition of beers due to different production processes. In addition, the compositions of total polyphenol and total nitrogen were estimated from NIR spectra by multiple linear regression (MLR). This study showed that NIR spectroscopy is promising for beer quality evaluation, both for identifying multifarious beers including Akita beers using PCA and for rapid in-line quality control and inspection for beer production using the quantitative MLR analysis.